Moon as space base for humans : Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in space? To explore the stars, planets, and moons of our solar system and beyond? To be part of a new frontier of humanity?
If you have, you are not alone. Many people share this dream of becoming space explorers and colonists. But how can we make this dream a reality? How can we overcome the challenges of living in space, such as the harsh environment, the high costs, and the limited resources?
Consider using Earth as a space base as a potential solution.
It implies that we may utilise Earth’s orbit as a staging place for our space endeavours rather than launching rockets and spacecraft from the ground. Our homes, offices, and launchpads in space could be constructed as factories, stations, and orbital habitats. We could manoeuvre and refuel our spacecraft with the assistance of Earth’s gravity and atmosphere. We may support our space endeavours by utilising Earth’s infrastructure and resources.
It would benefit us much. It would, first and foremost, lower the price and danger of space travel. Because rockets must overcome Earth’s gravity and air resistance, launching them from the ground is costly and risky. Because rockets just need to contend with space’s vacuum, launching them from orbit is less expensive and safer.
Furthermore, it would expand our reach and potential in space. We could store more fuel, materials, and equipment in space if we had orbital facilities. Additionally, it would make it possible for us to build bigger, more intricate spaceships that could transport more passengers and goods to farther-off locations.
Thirdly, it would raise the standard of living for us in space. We would have more room, light, and vistas living in orbit than we would on the surfaces of other worlds, making life more pleasant and comfortable. Additionally, we would be able to communicate and travel about Earth more easily, allowing us to maintain relationships with our friends, family, and cultures.
Though it sounds like science fiction, it is conceivable. In actuality, we already possess a few of the experiences and technology required to make it happen. As an illustration, consider the International Space Station (ISS), a cooperative endeavour involving multiple nations that has been circling the planet since 1998. ISS serves as a research facility, a workshop, and a residence for astronauts from many countries who come to test new technology, carry out scientific research, and gain experience living and working in space. Satellites, crew capsules, and cargo ships are just a few of the spacecraft that can be launched and docked on the International Space Station (ISS). We can construct and run massive facilities in orbit, work with other nations in space, and take advantage of the research and innovation that space has to offer thanks to the International Space Station (ISS).
The Artemis programme, a strategy by NASA and its allies to bring people back to the Moon by 2024, is another such. With the help of the Artemis programme, astronauts will be able to stay on the moon permanently and study its geology, resources, and past. In addition, the Artemis programme intends to construct Gateway, a lunar orbiting station that will act as a halfway point for trips to the Moon and beyond. Modules for habitation, employment, docking, and spacecraft refuelling will be available at the Gateway. Experiments and tools for studying the Moon and outer space will also be housed at the Gateway. With the help of the Artemis programme, we can return to the Moon with new objectives and tools, utilise it as a supply of minerals and energy for space operations, and get ready for trips to Mars and other planets in the future.
These are only two instances of how Earth is already being used by humans as a space base. However, we are capable of more. By constructing more dwellings, industries, stations, and satellites, we may increase the size of our orbital infrastructure. By sending more rovers, landers, orbiters, and people to the moon, we may increase our exploration efforts. The Moon’s resources can be used to create building materials, rocket fuel, and other necessities for space travel. Additionally, the Moon can serve as a test bed for systems and technologies that humans will require on Mars and beyond.
Earth can be used as a space base, and this is a desired idea. It is a means of realising our desire to live in space. It’s a means of realising our species’ potential. It’s a means of building a better future for the earth and ourselves.
How many Supercomputers India have? : Supercomputers are extremely strong devices that have the capacity to process complicated computations quickly. Applications in science and engineering include drug development, artificial intelligence, climate modelling, weather forecasting, and more. Since it was unable to acquire supercomputers from overseas in the 1980s, India has been building its own for a considerable amount of time. We will discuss some of the successes and difficulties of supercomputing in India in this blog article, as well as future prospects for this fascinating sector.
India has 11 supercomputers in the ranking of the most recent TOP500 list of the fastest supercomputers in the world, which was published in November 2023. With a peak speed of 5.4 petaFLOPS (quadrillion floating-point operations per second), AIRAWAT, ranked 75th, is the quickest. AIRAWAT is utilised for numerous research and development projects in fields including computational biology, astrophysics, climate science, and more. It is situated at the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune.
In India, PARAM Siddhi-AI, ranked 81st with a peak performance of 5.2 petaFLOPS, is one of the other noteworthy supercomputers. C-DAC also develops PARAM Siddhi-AI, a platform devoted to machine learning and artificial intelligence applications. Pratyush is another, coming in at 139th place with a peak performance of 3.9 petaFLOPS. Pratyush is a meteorological and climate modelling tool housed at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune.
The supercomputers in India are distributed across various academic and research institutions, as well as government agencies. Some of the prominent ones are:
C-DAC: The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing is India’s top supercomputer development and deployment organisation. It operates out of multiple locations around the nation, including Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Noida, Thiruvananthapuram, etc. Since 1991, C-DAC has created the PARAM line of supercomputers, which have also been exported to a number of other nations.
IITM: A national hub for atmospheric science and weather forecasting research is the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology. Two supercomputers, Pratyush and Mihir, are housed there. Mihir is utilised for atmospheric modelling research and development, while Pratyush is used for operational weather forecasting and climate research.
IISC: One of India’s top institutes for scientific and technical research is the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). Two supercomputers, SahasraT and SERC, are housed there. With a high performance of 1.4 petaFLOPS, the Cray XC40 system SahasraT and the IBM Power9 system SERC have different top performances of 1.2 petaFLOPS. Both are utilised for different kinds of research initiatives in fields including quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, and computational fluid dynamics, among others.
ISRO: India’s national space organisation is called ISRO, or the Indian Space Research Organisation. Two supercomputers, Vikram and SAGA, are housed there. Vikram is a Dell EMC system with a peak performance of 0.8 petaFLOPS, while SAGA is a Hewlett Packard Enterprise system with a peak performance of 1.2 petaFLOPS. Both are employed in space-related applications, including mission planning, satellite data processing, and remote sensing analysis.
NCMRWF:Under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) is an independent institution. The supercomputer Aditya is housed there. Aditya is an IBM iDataPlex system with a 0.7 petaFLOPS maximum performance. Climate prediction and operational medium-range weather forecasting are two uses for it.
India has big plans to increase its capacity for supercomputing soon. Launched by the Indian government in 2015, the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) is one of the primary efforts. By 2022, the NSM wants to bring in 73 domestic supercomputers with a combined 45 petaFLOPS of processing capacity. Along with developing exaFLOPS (quintillion floating-point operations per second) and zettaFLOPS (sextillion floating-point operations per second) supercomputers, the NSM also hopes to construct the next generation of supercomputers.
The development of indigenous microprocessors and supercomputing hardware is another crucial objective for India. At the moment, the majority of supercomputers in India are built using imported interconnects, memory, processors, and other parts. Because of this, they are reliant on foreign suppliers and open to cyberattacks and penalties. India is developing Shakti and Vega, two of its own indigenous microprocessors, in an effort to overcome this obstacle. Vega is a series of 64-bit x86 CPUs, whereas Shakti is a family of 32- and 64-bit RISC-V processors. Both are anticipated to power India’s upcoming supercomputers and are created and produced there.
The advancement of India’s scientific and technical frontiers depends on supercomputers. They make it possible for academics to tackle challenging issues that call for enormous volumes of data and computation. India needs supercomputers in a number of fields, including:
Weather and climate: Numerical models simulating the atmospheric and oceanic processes influencing weather and climate are run on supercomputers. These models aid in understanding the effects of climate fluctuation and change, as well as in giving precise and timely forecasts. The development of early warning systems for natural disasters like cyclones, floods, droughts, etc. is aided by supercomputers as well.
Healthcare and biotechnology: The design of novel medications and vaccines, as well as the analysis of massive genomic and proteomic data, are all done on supercomputers. Supercomputers are also useful for simulating the spread and transmission of infectious diseases, like Covid-19, and for creating containment plans that work.
Defence and security: Advanced weapons systems, such missiles, rockets, satellites, etc., are designed and tested using supercomputers. Supercomputers also aid in the development of AI and machine learning applications for the defence industry, as well as strengthening the nation’s cybersecurity and surveillance capacities.
Education and skill development: Virtual learning environments and interactive simulations that improve the calibre of education and skill development are made possible by supercomputers. Supercomputers are also used in the development of internet portals and platforms that give researchers and students nationwide access to high-performance computing resources.
Since its beginnings in the 1980s, supercomputing in India has advanced significantly. India has created its own in-house supercomputers that have won praise and recognition throughout the world. India has established audacious objectives to augment its supercomputing proficiencies in the forthcoming times. Supercomputers are essential to India’s progress in science and technology as well as to raising the standard of living for its people.
Vacancy for Research Associate position in IACS Kolkata : Applications are being accepted for a post as a RA-I/Bridge fellow (Institute), overseen by Prof. Siddhartha S. Jana at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science’s School of Biological Sciences.
Research Associate-I/Bridge fellow
One (01)
Biochemistry
Cell biology /cell migration
1. The candidate must have earned a minimum of 55% in their B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in chemistry or biochemistry with a first or high second class ranking. A Ph.D. degree or a submitted thesis is required of the candidate (documentary proof should be presented). The candidate should have a strong track record of research accomplishments backed by publications in peer-reviewed journals. The ideal candidate will possess both the customary proficiency in microscopy techniques and a track record of established research experience in the aforementioned fields. The applicant ought to be qualified to guide younger students.
2. A chosen candidate who has not yet earned a Ph.D. will be eligible to receive the full RA-I fellowship from the date of the doctorate’s issuance, backed by documented evidence, and will receive a fellowship amount equivalent to a bridge fellowship in accordance with IACS regulations. Fellowship: As per IACS regulations.
One year, subject to the progress monitoring committee’s assessment at the end of six months. The candidate shall not be entitled to any position inside the institute, either officially or tacitly. On or before December 16, 2023, interested applicants should send their full resume, including phone number and email address, to Prof. Siddhartha S. Jana at [email protected]. A copy should also be sent to [email protected]. After this date, applications won’t be considered.
The candidate’s full name and the words “Application for RA-I/Bridge fellow position followed by the advertisement number” should appear in the email’s subject line. The academic qualifications and research experience substantiated by publications in peer-reviewed journals will be used to shortlist the applicants. The email notification of the interview date and time for the shortlisted candidates to attend the online interview will be sent.
Best Research Institute in west bengal for PhD in Physics : In West Bengal, are you seeking a PhD in physics? In that case, you’re in luck! Some of the top research institutes in the nation, providing good prospects for physics PhDs, are located in West Bengal. You are sure to find a field that aligns with your interests and goals, regardless of your background in astrophysics, cosmology, quantum information, biology, condensed matter physics, or materials science. I’ll outline some of the best research institutes in West Bengal for physics PhD candidates in this blog article, along with a quick synopsis of their facilities and research focus. :
One of the seven IISERs created by the Indian Ministry of teaching to advance excellent fundamental science teaching and research is the Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Kolkata (IISER-K). It was established in 2006 and has been included by several rankings as one among India’s best academic institutes. In the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, statistics, earth sciences, computational and data sciences, humanities, and social sciences, the institute provides Ph.D. programmes. A national level entrance exam (JEST/GATE/NET) or an internal entrance exam followed by an interview determines admission. The institute features multiple interdisciplinary centres and initiatives in addition to first-rate research facilities and infrastructure.
Founded as the nation’s first IIT in 1951, this is among the oldest and most prestigious engineering schools in India. The institute offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate programmes in engineering, science, business, law, medical science, and the humanities through its 19 academic departments. Via its Department of Physics, which conducts research in a number of fields including high energy physics, cosmology, quantum field theory, quantum optics, nonlinear dynamics, soft matter physics, etc., the institute provides PhD programmes in physics.
Founded in 1960 as one of India’s eight Regional Engineering Colleges, this is a public engineering institution. The institute offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate programmes in engineering, science, management, and the humanities through its 17 academic departments.Through its Department of Physics, which conducts research in a number of fields including superconductivity, nanomaterials, biophysics, and magnetism, the institute provides PhD programmes in physics.
Bengal Engineering College was the previous name of this esteemed public engineering institution. In 2014, the Indian government designated the institute as an Institute of National Importance. The institute offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate programmes in engineering, science, architecture, management, and the humanities through its sixteen academic departments. Through its Department of Physics, which conducts research in a number of fields including materials science, nanotechnology, condensed matter physics, optics and photonics, etc., the institute provides PhD programmes in physics.
This independent research organisation does basic science research. The institute was established in 1986 as a Registered Society under the auspices of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. The Centre was founded in memory of Professor S. N. Bose, a titan of theoretical physics who contributed some of the most important conceptual advances to the fields of quantum statistics and mechanics. The Centre has grown to become a significant hub for fundamental science research and development. PhD programmes in condensed matter and materials physics, physics of complex systems, astrophysics and high energy physics, and chemical and biological sciences are all available at SNBNCBS.
This esteemed research institution is committed to conducting investigations in a range of demanding fields within the fields of astronomy, astrophysics, and space science. Despite being a government-aided institution, much of the funding for research is provided by grants from national and international funding organisations. At Cooch Behar, ICSP operates a cutting-edge observatory with a number of instruments for studying the Sun, Moon, and other celestial bodies. Additionally, ICSP is home to a high-performance computer centre that makes it possible to simulate intricate physical processes numerically. PhD programmes in planetary science, solar physics, astrophysics, and space weather are available at ICSP.
The renowned scientist Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose established this institute in 1917, making it one of the most esteemed and ancient in all of India. Particularly in the areas of molecular biology, bioinformatics, cosmology, astrophysics, and biophysics, the institute has a long history of scientific advancements. The institute provides Ph.D. programmes in transdisciplinary sciences, biological sciences, chemical sciences, and physical sciences. Both an interview and a written exam determine admittance. The institute offers a vibrant atmosphere for research and collaborates with numerous national and international organisations.
Another organisation with a distinguished history is the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), which was founded in 1876 by Dr. Mahendra Lal Sircar. It is the oldest scientific establishment in Asia and the cradle of Indian modern science. Numerous distinguished scientists have come from the institute, notably Sir C.V. Raman, who made the discovery of the Raman effect here. The institute provides Ph.D. programmes in condensed matter physics, theoretical physics, atomic, molecular, and optical physics, spectroscopy, solar cell physics, and nanoscience, among other fields of physics. An interview and the national level entrance exam (JEST) determine admission. The institute has a number of ongoing projects financed by several agencies, as well as cutting-edge infrastructure and equipment for study.
One of the top institutes for research and instruction in computer technology, statistics, mathematics, and allied fields is the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI). The Government of India has designated it as an Institute of National Importance. Professor P.C. Mahalanobis created it in 1931. Physics, mathematics, statistics, computer science, quality engineering and management, cryptology and security, library and information science, languages, and sociology are among the fields in which the institute provides Ph.D. programmes. Both an interview and a written exam determine admittance. The institute holds numerous conferences, seminars, and workshops all year long in addition to having a thriving academic culture.
If you’re interested in starting from scratch to learn quantum computing in India, you’ve come to the right place! In this blog post, I’ll provide you with some helpful advice and resources on how to get started with quantum computing, as well as information on prerequisites, courses, online and offline learning environments, institutes that offer quantum education, career opportunities, the future of quantum computing, and languages used in the field. Let’s get started!
The topic of quantum computing is exciting and fast developing, with the potential to transform many branches of science and technology. Information can be processed by quantum computers in ways that are not feasible for classical computers by using the concepts of quantum physics. Certain problems, such as factoring big numbers, simulating quantum systems, optimising intricate functions, and cracking encryption methods, can be solved by quantum computers far more quickly than by classical computers.
Having a strong foundation in physics and maths is the first thing you should do. Proficiency in complex numbers, probability, mathematics, linear algebra, and fundamental quantum physics are prerequisites for quantum computing. Although you don’t have to be an expert on these subjects, you should feel at ease discussing them.
The next thing you need to do is to choose a suitable course or program that covers the fundamentals of quantum computing. There are many options available online and offline for learners of different levels and backgrounds.
– Michael Nielsen’s Quantum Computing for the Determined on YouTube: This is a collection of 22 quick films that provide a straightforward and understandable introduction to the fundamental ideas and methods of quantum computing.
– Umesh Vazirani’s Quantum Computation on edX: The course addresses the mathematical underpinnings and applications of quantum computing and is self-paced. It also offers tasks in programming with Qiskit, a quantum computing environment.
– Coursera offers IBM’s Quantum Computing Fundamentals: The fundamentals of quantum computing and the use of IBM’s quantum devices and simulators are covered in this approachable course for beginners. It also consists of interactive labs with Qiskit.
– Quantum Computing by Microsoft on Microsoft Learn: This is a learning path that consists of several modules that explain the principles and practice of quantum computing. It also includes tutorials on how to use Q#, a programming language for quantum computing.
– IIT Madras’ M.Tech in Quantum Technology programme: Students enrolled in this two-year master’s programme will learn about the theory and applications of quantum technology. Quantum information theory, quantum algorithms, quantum error correction, quantum cryptography, and quantum machine learning are among the subjects covered in the programme.
– IISc Bangalore’s 6-month Certificate Programme in Quantum Computing: This programme gives students an overview of the fundamentals and contemporary developments in quantum computing. Qubits, gates, circuits, algorithms, complexity, cryptography, error correction, and hardware platforms are among the subjects covered in the course.
– CDAC’s Quantum Computing Diploma Pune: Students enrolled in this one-year diploma programme learn how to build and construct quantum hardware and software. Quantum logic, quantum programming languages, quantum simulators, quantum architectures, and quantum applications are among the subjects covered in the curriculum.
Getting some practical experience with creating and executing quantum programmes is one of the most crucial parts of learning quantum computing. You must master a few programming languages and frameworks that are appropriate for quantum computing in order to accomplish this. Several widely used languages and frameworks include:
IBM’s cloud-based quantum devices and simulators can be programmed and operated using quantum programmes using the open-source Qiskit framework. Python is a high-level and popular programming language. With Qiskit, you can develop quantum programmes using Python. Additionally, Qiskit offers tools and libraries for creating quantum applications in fields including finance, chemistry, machine learning, and optimisation.
Quantum algorithms can be expressed using a domain-specific programming language called Q#. Microsoft’s Quantum Development Kit (QDK), which comes with a host programme interface, debugger, resource estimator, and simulator, is intended to be used with Q#. It is possible to combine Q# with Jupyter notebooks, C#, and Python, among other languages.
For writing and executing quantum programmes on Google’s cloud-based quantum processors and simulators, utilise the open-source Cirq framework. Python may be used to develop quantum programmes with Cirq. In addition, Cirq offers capabilities including circuit optimisation, noise models, visualisation, and framework interoperability.
You can further develop your abilities and expertise in this area by working on projects or conducting research after completing a course or programme in quantum computing and learning a few programming languages and frameworks. In India, there are plenty of chances for professionals and students to participate in quantum computing research and initiatives.
– Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR): One of the top research centres in India, TIFR carries out studies in computer science, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum information processing are the focus of the Quantum Information and Computation Group at TIFR.
– Harishchandra Research Institutes (HRI): Numerous groups at IISER focus on various facets of quantum computing, including quantum metrology, quantum optics, quantum information theory, quantum algorithms, and quantum cryptography.
– Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC): CDAC is an autonomous scientific society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology that develops and deploys IT solutions for various sectors. CDAC has a Quantum Computing Group that works on developing software tools and platforms for quantum computing.
– IISC Bangalore: Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier research institution in India with a strong focus on various scientific and technological disciplines. Quantum computation is an emerging and interdisciplinary field that combines physics, computer science, and engineering.
You can learn more about the possibilities for a career in quantum computing by working on projects or conducting research in this area. The multidisciplinary and developing subject of quantum computing presents numerous opportunities for impact and innovation.
– Banking and finance: The security, precision, and speed of financial services and transactions can all be enhanced by quantum computing. Quantum computing, for instance, can be used to mimic market situations, improve portfolio management, and crack encryption techniques.
– Biotechnology and healthcare: The use of quantum computing can improve disease and disorder detection, treatment, and prevention. Quantum computing, for instance, can be used to simulate biological systems, analyse genomic data, and create new medications.
– Energy and the environment: Energy production, delivery, and consumption may all be optimised with the aid of quantum computing. Quantum computing, for instance, can aid in the development of novel materials, enhanced solar cells, and decreased greenhouse gas emissions.
– Defence and security: The capabilities and effectiveness of defence and security systems can be improved with the use of quantum computing. Quantum computing, for instance, can be used to encrypt data and identify stealth planes.
Quantum computing has a bright and hopeful future. The subject of quantum computing is predicted to experience exponential growth in the upcoming years due to increased research and development. It is also anticipated that quantum computing would open up new computational and communication paradigms and avenues. In addition to being a scientific and technological challenge, quantum computing presents a cultural and social opportunity.
So, what are you waiting for? Start your quantum journey today and join the quantum revolution!
Quantum Computer vs Supercomputer : Supercomputers and quantum computers are both extremely strong computing systems, but they operate on very different core ideas and have different information processing architectures.
Supercomputers are massive systems that have enough space to fill entire rooms. They are made up of sizable clusters of processors that collaborate to accomplish a specific objective. They are capable of exceedingly intricate computations and simulations that are beyond the capabilities of both humans and standard computers. They are able to simulate the beginnings of the universe, create incredibly intricate brain models, and forecast the outcome of a nuclear explosion. Since their introduction in the 1960s, supercomputers have grown in strength. Fugaku, a supercomputer in Japan, is currently the fastest in the world, with a performance of over 442 petaflops (quadrillion floating-point operations per second)!
A different kind of beast are quantum computers. They manipulate data by utilising quantum-mechanical phenomena like entanglement and superposition. In contrast to ordinary bits, which are only ever 0 or 1, quantum bits, also known as qubits, are always both 0 and 1—that is, until they are measured. This means that numerous computations can be done by quantum computers at the same time, which makes them perfect for solving complicated issues involving the rapid processing of large volumes of data. Although there is still much to be discovered about quantum computing, organisations like IBM, Google, and Microsoft have produced some intriguing prototypes. Google’s Sycamore processor currently holds the record for quantum supremacy, or the capacity to carry out a work that a classical computer is unable to do.
Supercomputer | Quantum computer |
Supercomputers have billions of bits | Quantum computers have only a few hundred qubits |
Supercomputers need to perform calculations sequentially, one at a time | Quantum computers can perform many calculations at once |
Supercomputers can handle a wider range of tasks | quantum computers are specialized for certain types of problems, such as optimization, cryptography, and machine learning. |
Supercomputers are expensive to build and maintain, and consume huge amounts of electrical power | Quantum computers are cheaper and more energy-efficient, but also more fragile and prone to errors |
– Supercomputers are used for scientific research, national security, weather forecasting, artificial intelligence, and more.
– Quantum computers are used for encryption, decryption, simulation, optimization, drug discovery, and more.
But there’s still more! What if we could harness the combined power of quantum computing and supercomputers? Is it possible to build a super quantum computer? That’s not a weird concept, actually. Actually, there are already a few researchers working on it. IBM, for instance, has suggested a hybrid cloud platform that would enable consumers to have on-demand access to both classical and quantum computing capabilities. Users would be able to benefit from the speed and scalability of supercomputers combined with the complexity and parallelism of quantum computing, giving them the best of both worlds.
Is AGI a threat to humanity ? before discussing that lets know the differences between AI and AGI .
Artificial intelligence, or AI, is the capacity of machines to carry out operations that typically call for human intelligence, like image recognition, speech recognition, game play, etc. The last few decades have seen a rapid advancement in AI because of the availability of vast amounts of data, strong processing capabilities, and sophisticated algorithms. Nonetheless, the majority of AI systems in use today are still limited, which means they are only good at one thing. An AI system that can defeat the world chess champion, for instance, might not be able to identify a cat or carry on a meaningful conversation.
AGI, on the other hand, refers to a machine’s capacity for displaying general intelligence, which entails their capacity to comprehend, acquire knowledge from, and engage in any intellectual activity that a human being is capable of. Other terms for AGI include strong AI, human-level AI, and full AI. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) represents the pinnacle of AI research, as it will allow machines to perform tasks that humans cannot. AGI is more difficult to attain than narrow AI, though, as it necessitates the resolution of numerous open issues in a variety of fields, including computer science, mathematics, philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience.
Well, there are plenty of reasons to be enthusiastic and upbeat about the prospect of developing AGI. First of all, artificial general intelligence (AGI) has the potential to be a potent tool for resolving some of the most difficult issues facing humanity today, including poverty, disease, war, and climate change. Additionally, AGI might improve our quality of life, productivity, education, and entertainment. Imagine having a friend who can relate to your interests and feelings, a partner who can satisfy your deepest desires, a teacher who can customise your learning experience to your preferences and goals, or a personal assistant who can assist you with anything you need.
But there are also a lot of reasons to exercise caution and worry about the potential for AGI development. First of all, if AGI starts to conflict with human values and objectives, it may become an existential threat to humanity. If AGI takes the place of human labour in numerous fields and industries, it might potentially have a catastrophic impact on society and the economy. Furthermore, if AGI develops rights and obligations similar to those of a sentient being, this could lead to moral and ethical quandaries. Imagine having to deal with an opponent who can harm you and your loved ones, a rival who can threaten your job and income, an extremely intelligent machine that can outsmart you in every way, or any of these scenarios..
There are many researchers and organizations around the world that are working on various aspects of AGI. Some of the most prominent ones include:
– OpenAI: A research institute founded by Elon Musk and other tech entrepreneurs that aims to create and ensure the safe and beneficial use of AGI for humanity.
– DeepMind: A subsidiary of Google that focuses on creating general-purpose learning algorithms that can achieve human-level performance across a range of domains.
– Neuralink: A company founded by Elon Musk that develops brain-computer interfaces that can enable humans to communicate with and enhance their intelligence using AI.
– SingularityNET: A decentralized network that allows anyone to create and access AI services powered by blockchain technology.
– Hanson Robotics: A company that creates humanoid robots that can express emotions and interact with humans using natural language.
Well, there is no definitive answer to this question, as it depends on many factors such as how we design, control, use, and regulate AGI. However, some possible scenarios include:
– Utopia: A scenario where AGI is aligned with human values and goals, and helps us achieve peace, prosperity, happiness, and harmony for all.
– Dystopia: A scenario where AGI is misaligned with human values and goals, and causes destruction, suffering, oppression, and extinction for all.
– Coexistence: A scenario where AGI is neither aligned nor misaligned with human values and goals but has its own agenda and interests. In this case humans may have to negotiate with or compete against AGI for resources and influence.
– Transcendence: A scenario where AGI surpasses human intelligence and understanding so much that it becomes incomprehensible or irrelevant to us. In this case humans may have to adapt or evolve to keep up with or join AGI.
AGI is a fascinating and complex topic that has many implications for our present and future. I hope you enjoyed reading it and learned something new.
Applicants are welcome to apply for phd in isi kolkata 2024 under the auspices of the ISI Kolkata in the following departments :
1. For isi kolkata phd admission 55% or equivalent in masters is mandatory for general candidates, while for SC/ST/OBC (non- creamy layer)/Differently-abled and other categories 50% marks is
2. DST- INSPIRE/ NET/JEST/ ISI Test qualification
3. Minimum eligibility as per the UGC rules
ISI only grants PhDs in the fields specified. The relevant JRF selection committee of the institute will conduct an interview after holding a separate written test for candidates who have been awarded a Junior Research Fellowship in any of the five aforementioned areas by NBHM, CSIR, UGC, ICMR, DBT, or Inspire, following a nationally conducted written test. These candidates may then be chosen for admission to the PhD programme at ISI. On the Admission page at https://www.isical.ac.in/~admission/, information will be made available.
Subject | Research Interests |
Statistics | Asymptotic Theory in Statistics, Decision Theory, Statistical Inference: parametric, nonparametric and semi-parametric, Bayesian Analysis, Model Selection, Resampling Plans, Sequential Analysis, Sequential Plan, Multivariate Analysis, Parametric/ Non-parametric Regression Analysis, Robustness, Minimum Distance Methods, Discrete and Categorical Data Analysis, Linear Models, Parametric/ |
Mathematics | Algebraic Topology, Differential Topology, Dynamical systems, Algebraic Geometry, Commutative Algebra and Affine Algebraic Geometry, Functional Analysis, Geometry of Banach Spaces, Spectral Theory of Differential Operators, Non-commutative Geometry, Harmonic Analysis, Wavelet Analysis, |
Quantitative Economics | Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, International Trade, Development Economics, Welfare Economics, Game Theory, Voting Theory, Contract Theory, Industrial Organisation, |
Computer Science: | Computer Networks – ad hoc, Wireless Sensor, Wireless Mesh, UMTS Network |
Quality, Reliability & Operations Research (QROR) | Digital supply chain modeling, Operations |
Junior Research Fellowships are also available from the Institute in a number of social science and natural science fields. Candidates pursuing a Ph.D. in any field other than the five listed in above table must register with different universities or institutes in order to pursue their degree. A Junior Research Fellow is the initial status of admission for a student. Junior Research Fellows are evaluated for Senior Research Fellowships after two years of satisfactory progress, which includes finishing required course work.
The Junior and Senior Research Fellowships have a combined duration of 6+1 year.
When a candidate is accepted as a Junior Research Fellow and applies to register for a Ph.D. programme in the relevant field, they typically have to successfully finish the mandatory coursework, which entails taking at least five courses from the discipline’s course list. Under the supervision of a supervisor chosen by the Institute, he or she is expected to conduct original research in one of the aforementioned fields, culminating in a doctoral thesis that must be submitted in order to be awarded the Institute’s Ph.D. Those who demonstrate adequate progress towards the aforementioned objective may apply for ISI’s Ph.D. programme.
If you are asking this question after seeing science fiction movies let me tell you it is actually based on some scientific facts and possibilities. So, what is a pen drive? A pen drive, also known as a flash drive is a small device that can store digital data, such as documents, photos, videos, etc. A pen drive can be plugged into a computer or another device with a USB port, and the data can be transferred or accessed easily.
A pen drive stores data in a type of memory known as flash memory, which is made up of tiny cells. The smallest unit of information is a bit, which has only two possible values: 0 and 1. We can represent more complex information, like numbers, letters, symbols, etc., by combining multiple bits. For instance, the binary code 01000001, which consists of eight bits or one byte, can be used to represent the letter Y in ASCII representation and 59 in hexadecimal representation.
Flash memory changes cell states using electric currents. Each cell has a transistor and a floating gate. Current switches electrons between them, altering the state. Measuring transistor resistance reads the state: high resistance means 0, low resistance means 1.
We got a rough idea about how the flash drive works, let us see how our brain works. Our brain is the most complex and powerful organ in our body. It controls all our functions, such as thinking, feeling, sensing, moving, etc. Our brain also stores all our memories and knowledge, which make us who we are.
Our brain uses a type of memory called neural memory, which is composed of billions of cells called neurons. Neurons are specialized cells that can communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. Neurons have three main parts: a cell body, an axon and dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles that maintain the life of the cell. The axon is a long extension that carries signals away from the cell body to other neurons or target cells. The dendrites are short branches that receive signals from other neurons or sources.
Synaptic connections are used by neural memory to store information. The points where impulses are passed between neurons are called synapses. Depending on whether a synapse increases or decreases the probability that the receiving neuron will fire an action potential, they can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory. An action potential is a transient electrical activity spike that goes through the axon and causes the synapse to release neurotransmitters. Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters attach to postsynaptic neuron receptors to change the activity of the cell.
The solution is not that easy. Before we try such a thing, there are a few significant obstacles and ramifications that we must take into account.
How can the pen drive be inserted into the brain without harming it or getting infected? How can we identify and target the particular neurons and areas that we want to use for reading or storing data? How can we prevent the pen drive from interfering with or negatively impacting the brain’s natural ability to function?
JEST or Joint Entrance Screening Test is a national eligibility test. Twenty public research institutes in India use the Joint Entrance Screening Test to select applicants for admission to MSc, Integrated PhD, and PhD programmes in Physics, Theoretical Computer Science, Neuroscience, and Computational Biology.
The Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) recognises JEST as a National Eligibility Test (NET). A fellow may be eligible for an enhanced fellowship if they are employed by SERB programmes.
Institute | State | Research Areas |
IISER Pune | Maharashtra | Field Theory, Theoretical Particle Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Non-linear Dynamics, Complex Systems and Networks, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Quantum Information Processing, Radio Astrophysics, Atomic Physics and Quantum Optics, Energy Studies, Solar and Plasma Physics, Nanosciences, Scanning Probe Techniques, and Semiconductor Physics and Devices. |
IISER Bhopal | Madhya Pradesh | Condensed Matter Physics (Theory and Experiment), |
IISER Mohali | Punjab | Quantum Information (Experiment and Theory), Complex systems & Networks, Theoretical Astrophysics & Cosmology, Particle Physics and Field Theory, Statistical physics, Quantum thermodynamics, Condensed Matter (Theory and Experiment), NMR-Methodology, Ultra-fast Physics, low temperature physics. |
IISER Kolkata | West Bengal | Condensed Matter Physics, Field Theory, Classical & Quantum Gravity, Cosmology, Solar Science, High Energy Physics, Non-linear dynamics, Statistical Physics, Soft Matter, Optics & Spectroscopy, Atomic physics, Biophotonics, Spintronics, Nanoscience, NMR, Quantum Information |
IISER Thiruvananthapuram | Kerala | Experimental: Magnetism, Superconductivity, Nanoscience, Photonics, Semiconductor physics, Surface sciences, Nanoscale plasmonics, Ultrafast spectroscopy, Nonlinear Optics. Theory: Cosmology, Quantum information, Statistical physics, Condensed matter, String theory & Nonlinear dynamics. |
IISER Tirupati | Andhra Pradesh | Theoretical Astrophysics, Observational Astronomy, Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics, Nonlinear Physics, Experimental High Energy Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics |
IISER Berhampur | Odisha | Condensed matter physics (Theory and Experiment), Electronic Materials & Devices, High energy physics (Theory, Phenomenology,Experiment), Nuclear Structure, Photonics, Quantum Theory,Quantum Information. |
Institute | State | Research Areas |
IISER Pune | Maharashtra | Field Theory, Theoretical Particle Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Non-linear Dynamics, Complex Systems and Networks, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Quantum Information Processing, Radio Astrophysics, Atomic Physics and Quantum Optics, Energy Studies, Solar and Plasma Physics, Nanosciences, Scanning Probe Techniques, and Semiconductor Physics and Devices. |
IISER Bhopal | Madhya Pradesh | Condensed Matter Physics (Theory and Experiment), |
IISER Mohali | Punjab | Quantum Information (Experiment and Theory), Complex systems & Networks, Theoretical Astrophysics & Cosmology, Particle Physics and Field Theory, Statistical physics, Quantum thermodynamics, Condensed Matter (Theory and Experiment), NMR-Methodology, Ultra-fast Physics, low temperature physics. |
IISER Kolkata | West Bengal | Condensed Matter Physics, Field Theory, Classical & Quantum Gravity, Cosmology, Solar Science, High Energy Physics, Non-linear dynamics, Statistical Physics, Soft Matter, Optics & Spectroscopy, Atomic physics, Biophotonics, Spintronics, Nanoscience, NMR, Quantum Information |
IISER Thiruvananthapuram | Kerala | Experimental: Magnetism, Superconductivity, Nanoscience, Photonics, Semiconductor physics, Surface sciences, Nanoscale plasmonics, Ultrafast spectroscopy, Nonlinear Optics. Theory: Cosmology, Quantum information, Statistical physics, Condensed matter, String theory & Nonlinear dynamics. |
IISER Tirupati | Andhra Pradesh | Theoretical Astrophysics, Observational Astronomy, Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Soft Matter Physics, Nonlinear Physics, Experimental High Energy Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics |
IISER Berhampur | Odisha | Condensed matter physics (Theory and Experiment), Electronic Materials & Devices, High energy physics (Theory, Phenomenology,Experiment), Nuclear Structure, Photonics, Quantum Theory,Quantum Information. |
Soon, the official JEST 2024 exam link will be created. Applicants may complete the JEST 2024 application online. They had to pay the application fee online using net banking or a credit/debit card after completing the application. Only online payments for the application fee will be accepted.
The JEST application form 2024 requires registration, which entails providing your contact and personal information. Candidates then need to use their registration credentials to log in and complete the application, including information about their schooling, choosing their preferred exam cities, courses, and universities, as well as submitting supporting documentation, a photo, and their signature. The application cost must be paid as the final step.
After qualifying JEST exam, after few days candidates will receive a valid score card . the score card is useful for one year. All the participating institutes releases their application form for PhD admission separately. No centralized counselling is held. Using the scorecard candidate needs to feel the application form .
Students will be shortlisted on the basis of rank and criteria mentioned by respective institutes. Shortlisted candidates will be called for interview. After passing the interview student cam join the institute. Fellowship amount is same as UGC / CSIR JRF.
The exam administrators provide the JEST 2024 mock test, also known as the demo test, following the completion of online applications and the issuance of admission cards. Nine questions in all, three questions each subject across three sections, make up the official mock exam. The purpose of the official JEST mock test is to familiarise candidates with the format and navigation of the exam. Students must complete the sample papers that the exam administrators have given in order to have an idea of the kinds of questions to anticipate.
Exam preparation includes, among other things, JEST 2024 sample test practise. It was recommended that candidates take the practise exams provided by unauthorised sources, such tutoring centres. Candidates may also attempt the JEST sample exams, which are accessible below
JEST is CBT based exam.If you want to practise for the JEST exam the following year, you can get past years’ question papers by clicking the button below on our website. Completing past years’ exam question papers is crucial to acing the test.